The Jazz Sax & Improvisation Blog of Saxophonist Bobby Stern - bobbysternjazz.com

Face the Music... and dance to this Melodic Sequence!

4/30/2025

Face the Music... and dance to this Melodic Sequence!

Much has been written in these pages about the 3-note pitch configuration known as the 027 trichord - perhaps more commonly referred to as sus2 and / or sus4 (C-D-G and C-F-G, respectively).

Its intrinsic relationship with the interval of a Perfect 4th, as well as with the Pentatonic Scale, has also been noted.

So, to expand a bit on the topic, let's take a look here at a particular 4-note "pitch collection".

We'll combine a sus2 and sus4 and call it an 0257 tetrachord (C-D-F-G) - 'cause, well... that's what it is!

Mostly 4ths in a line over a very common Chord Progression

2/28/2025

Mostly 4ths
in a line over a very common Chord Progression

For the improviser, the ability to introduce the interval of a Perfect 4th (P4ths) into one's melodic lines is a useful alternative to basic scale running or chordal arpeggios in 3rds (horizontal vs. vertical).

Utilizing 4ths is a time tested option that will "modernize" one's lines - although it's been a staple choice for improvisers since the early 1960s.

It's also helpful to understand the intrinsic relationship between P4ths, the Pentatonic Scale, the 027 Trichord, as well as the Major Scale matrix itself.

Looking for Inspiration? Try Adding Triads!

1/30/2025

Looking for Inspiration? Try Adding Triads!

In this post we'll revisit a fundamental musical compound which never gets old, regardless of one's level or experience.

Talkin' 'bout the triad.

It's no secret that the triad - a 3-note structure comprised of a pair of Major and/ or minor 3rd intervals - forms the cornerstone of functional Western harmony.

Even though this might seem like an elementary concept for some, a full understanding and command of the use of triads - along with their inversions and permutations - are a must for any competent improviser, and as mentioned previously, it's one of the basics deserving of a periodic refresher.

John Coltrane's Tenor Solo on "I Love You" - A Transcription

12/22/2024

John Coltrane's Tenor Solo on "I Love You" - A Transcription

In the holiday spirit, I'm merrily posting a transcription of John Coltrane's tenor saxophone solo on Cole Porter's “I Love You” (in Bb tenor key only, at this point). It was recorded on August 16th 1957 for the Prestige label, during the early part of 'Trane's famed gig with Thelonious Monk's quartet at the legendary Five Spot that summer and fall.

It was also part of a session that included a ballad version of “Like Someone in Love” as well as two takes of 'Trane's Slow Blues”, which made up side-one of the LP “Lush Life” and wasn't released by Prestige until 1961.

Bassist Earl May and drummer Art Taylor round out the piano-less trio.

These sax/ bass and drums trio (known as “strolling”) recordings are some of my favorite Coltrane, as well as those recorded in Oct. 1960, which included “Satellite”, among others.

Yet Another Case for ACE - A Melodic Minor ii-V7

11/23/2024

Yet Another Case for ACE - A Melodic Minor ii-V7

In the dozen years of this website's existence, much has been written in these pages on the use of Melodic Minor harmony.

One of the techniques often cited, when dealing with the ubiquitous ii-V7-I chord progression, is transposing a phrase from the ii chord up a minor 3rd to the V7.

This is sometimes referred to as the ACE method, which defines the ii and V7 chords in terms of their Melodic Minor "keys" and can resolve either to a third Melodic Minor tonic (i) chord, or to Major, as it does in our case here.

A Perfect Line in Fourths - 4 You!

10/25/2024

A Perfect Line in Fourths - 4 You!

The use of consecutive Perfect 4ths (P4ths) is a tried and true method of creating variety and contrast in one's melodic lines.

Harmony in 4ths - known as quartal harmony - was introduced in the early 20th century by European composers such as Ravel and Bartok, among others.

In the 1960s, its use was pioneered by American pianists, most notably McCoy Tyner and Herbie Hancock, and spread rapidly to improvisers on all melodic instruments.

In this post we'll take a look at an example of P4s in a melodic line over a familiar harmonic device - namely the iii-VI-ii-V-I chord sequence.

Directions & Connections - Alternating Triads in a Pair

1/26/2024

Directions & Connections - Alternating Triads in a Pair

An oft discussed technique, in these pages and elsewhere, is the practice of employing triad pairs as a device for creating improvised lines.

A triad pair can consist of any two triads of the same or different qualities, as long as there are no duplicate tones among them. This is most easily accomplished by taking adjacent triads from the same scale system.

In most cases, the first pair an improviser might come across contains two Major triads a whole step apart, which is derived from the 4th & 5th degrees of the Major Scale (F & G Maj triads in C Major). Alternating these 2 triads through their inversions creates, on its own, a decidedly Mixolydian flavor.

The subject of this post, which takes it a step further - adding harmonic and melodic tension - is the triad pair based on the 3rd & 4th scale steps of the Melodic Minor scale (Eb+ & F Maj in C Melodic Minor ).

A Friendly Little I-VI-ii-V Sequence

11/23/2023

A Friendly Little I-VI-ii-V Sequence

It's always good to run into a friendly face - or in this case, a friendly chord progression. What, in most cases, makes the experience so "friendly" is the familiarity involved.

The I-vi-ii-V chord progression and its modifications is, in one form or another, arguably the most familiar 4-chord harmonic progression found in all popular styles of music.

Its familiarity includes the A-sections of standards such as "I Got Rhythm" and "Blue Moon", for example, as well as parts of countless tunes, intros and vamps across all genres.

So, what makes this friendly chord progression so popular? Must be the sunglasses.

Airegin - Six Short Etudes - First Eight of the First Ending

9/22/2023

"Airegin" - Six Short Etudes
Based on the First Eight Measures of the First Ending

Earlier this month, Sonny Rollins - the iconic tenor "Saxophone Colossus", turned 93 years old - which is a major accomplishment in and of itself. So, as a belated birthday salute, I thought we might hone in on a section of one of Sonny's well known and oft played originals - "Airegin" - the title which is, of course, the name of the West African nation Nigeria delleps sdrawkcab (spelled backwards).

Like several of his other originals - which include "St. Thomas", "Oleo", "Doxy" & "Paul's Pal" - "Airegin" has long ago made it to the list of must-know Jazz standards.

It was first recorded in June of 1954 on the Prestige label as part of the 10-inch EP "Miles Davis with Sonny Rollins". In this post, we'll focus on an eight-bar section of "Airegin" - namely measures 9 thru 17 - which make up the first half of the first ending of the tune.

Flip 4 Real! - Using Mordents in a ii-V7-I Melodic Line

3/23/2023

Flip for Real! - Using Mordents in a ii-V7-I Melodic Line

Interjecting well placed embellishments into a static musical phrase is an oft used and effective way to "spice it up" - so as to make it more varied and interesting.

One of these common ornamentation techniques involves the use of what is known as a mordent - a single, rapid alternation from a primary note in the melodic line to a neighboring tone a half or whole tone above or below it.

Mordents first came into vogue during the Baroque period of Western classical music (early 1600´'s to mid 1700's). As their interpretations have evolved over time, their usage continues across a broad spectrum of musical styles and cultures.

'Tis the Season - A "Sleigh Ride" at 250 BPM

12/17/2022

'Tis the Season
A "Sleigh Ride" at 250 BPM

'Tis once again "The Season" of hopefully fun and enjoyable times for you and yours. It´s also the season of non-stop holiday shopping music; which - thankfully, for the most part - comes but once a year.

Most of these holiday songs have been around for a while for the simple reason that they're popular and familiar to most of us - with the added and possibly unconscious realization that after New Year's Day, we likely won't be hearing them for another year.

One of those tunes was actually composed as a light orchestral piece during the heatwave of July, 1948 and makes no reference to the December holiday season.

The SUPER 4 - A 4-Note Swiss Army Knife

7/27/2022

New Shortbook™ : "The SUPER 4"
A 4-Note Swiss Army Knife For Improvisers

The “Super 4” is a collection of four tetratonic (4-note) structures, bound together by a consistent set of intervals and their inversions, resulting in a handy, streamlined tool with which to create colorful melodic lines over multiple chord types, while at the same time avoiding some of the more time-worn cliches.

Originating from a set of well known piano voicings, these structures form a quartet of unique 4-note “scales”. Due in large part to the presence of the intervals of a minor 2nd and tritone, they offer a good deal of “bite”.

This harmonic and melodic tension was first fully appreciated by such innovators as Joe Henderson, Woody Shaw, Herbie Hancock, McCoy Tyner, et al in the early 1960s and beyond.

Vamp Like a Champ! - ii-V-iii-VI Arpeggiated Sequence

5/26/2022

Vamp Like a Champ!
ii-V-iii-VI Arpeggiated Sequence

Let's talk about vamps... and no, I don't mean those nocturnal, pointy-tooth bloodsucker types from Transylvania.

In musical terms, a vamp can be defined as a repeating harmonic or rhythmic sequence, of usually two, four or eight bars. It can be based on a single harmony, a bass riff, or on a series of chord changes.

Vamps are everywhere these days, and have been for a good while. Listen to any contemporary charted pop tune and chances are the bulk of the tune is based on a vamp of some sort. Traditionally, a vamp might function as a song's intro. In our case, it functions as an improvisational vehicle often found at the end of a solo, or at the end of a standard tune, as well.

Get an Angle on "The Eternal Triangle" Bridge

2/24/2022

Take it to the Bridge...
Getting an Angle on "The Eternal Triangle"

Ok, folks! Are you ready to take it to the bridge? Brooklyn? GW? Golden Gate? London Bridge?

Nope. I'm talking about the "The Eternal Triangle" bridge - from the classic Dizzy Gillespie album "Sonny Side Up" - featuring both Theodore "Sonny" Rollins and Edward "Sonny" Stitt (the tune's composer). Two Samurai swordsmen battling it out on the bridge (the whole tune actually) with tenor saxophones as their musical swords of choice. And then, of course - there's Dizzy! Not to be forsaken!

Despite the high winds created by the tune's rapid tempo, crossing this bridge might not be as treacherous as it might initially seem.

Joe Henderson's Tenor Solo on "You Know I Care" - A Transcription

11/25/2021

Joe Henderson's Tenor Solo
"You Know I Care" - A Jazz Ballad Transcription

"You Know I Care", is a masterpiece of a composition by the prolific composer / pianist / arranger, Columbus Calvin "Duke" Pearson, jr and is possibly the most representative original ballad of the 1960s Blue Note period.

As the ballad feature on Joe Henderson's classic "Inner Urge" album, it was recorded on November 30, 1964 - nine days before John Coltrane recorded "A Love Supreme" - with pianist McCoy Tyner and drummer Elvin Jones (each a member of Coltrane's classic quartet and icons themselves) on both sessions.

Almost six months later, Pearson recorded his own version of "You Know I Care" as a 6-horn arrangement, but Henderson's quartet recording is the definitive version, as his tenor solo as well as the rhythm section, breathes additional life, dimension and drama into an already singular ballad composition.

Hey! You've Got an ACE up Your Sleeve!

10/21/2021

Hey! You've Got an ACE up Your Sleeve!

Bet you haven't checked your sleeve in a minute!

As an improviser, there are numerous devices that help one to get from points A to B in any particular tune - whether it's a ii-V7 cadence or any other type of harmonic sequence.

In this post, we'll revisit the ACE concept, which can utilize up to 4 different Melodic Minor tonal areas over a common ii-V7-I, resolving to either Major or minor - or both.

By using melodic material derived from several Melodic Minor "keys" you'll introduce tension and dimension to your ii-V7 lines - adding to that of the basic, more vanilla sounding Major Scale modes - which we all still know and love.

"Come Rain or Come Shine" - An All-Weather Etude

8/19/2021

"Come Rain or Come Shine" - An All-Weather Etude

As an improviser, one of the most effective ways to learn and study any tune is to compose an Etude over its chord changes.

This can get you up close and personal with the tune's harmonic structure, as well as its harmonic and melodic resolution points.

It will also reveal where you are in terms of your own aural understanding in relation to where you might want to be (this never stops - it's a continuous process!).

One particular tune I personally wanted to delve deeper into was "Come Rain or Come Shine" - music and lyrics by Harold Arlen & Johnny Mercer. It debuted as part of the 1946 Broadway musical "St. Louis Woman", and has since been performed and / or recorded by just about everyone and anyone. It's enshrined as part of the "Great American Songbook".

A Jug Full of Ammons - Gene Ammons' "Exactly Like You" Tenor Saxophone Transcription

7/20/2021

A Jug Full of Ammons - Gene Ammons' "Exactly Like You"
Tenor Saxophone Solo Transcription

Tenor saxophone giant Gene Ammons, aka "Jug", was one of the seminal figures at the crossroads between the earlier tenor saxophone styles of Lester Young, Coleman Hawkins and Ben Webster - and the BeBop evolution / revolution of the mid to late 1940s, sparked by the innovative genius of Charlie Parker.

Add to that the blues influences of his native Chicago - as well as that of his celebrated pianist father, "Boogie Woogie" innovator Albert Ammons - and you've got one of the "phatest", most distinct, expressive and soulful tenor saxophone sounds ever heard.

Ammons recorded for several record labels from the late 1940s until his passing in 1974, but the bulk of his recorded output was for Bob Weinstock's Prestige Records label.

It's from one of these Prestige recordings that the subject of this post - a transcription of Jug's solo on the popular show tune "Exactly Like You" - is taken.

Monk's Bemsha Swing - A Self-Transcription

1/28/2021

Toot My Own Horn Dept.
Thelonious Monk's "Bemsha Swing": A Self-Transcription

This post features a self-recorded and transcribed tenor saxophone solo on Thelonious Monk's well known classic. “Bemsha Swing”.

As I hadn't recorded myself in quite a while, I was anxious to turn this into a project. Fortunately, the results passed quality control and I can happily share them here.

The backing track used here is from “Thelonious Monk Favorites – 10 Classic Tunes” (Hal Leonard Jazz Play-Along, Vol. 91). It features the great Ronnie Mathews on piano, Kiyoshi Kitagawa on bass, and Monk's former drummer - Ben Riley. It was recorded, mixed and mastered by the legendary RVG – Rudy Van Gelder – at his studio, where so many iconic recordings where made. Don Sickler, a name associated with many such projects, produced the session. What more could one ask for in a backing track?

Go Ye 4th: Fourtitude + Lines in 4ths

9/25/2020

Go Ye 4th: Fourtitude + Lines in 4ths

As the title suggests, "Fourtitude + Lines in 4ths: iii-VI-ii-V7" is a happy fusing of the two named, previously individual Shortbooks™ from 2018 and 2017, respectively.

For reasons pertaining to "virtual inventory management", as well as the compatibility of each volume's subject matter - what was two, now is one.

For a full description of what have become individual chapters of the same volume, see the original blog posts for "Fourtitude" and "Lines in 4ths: iii-VI-ii-V7", which are still in tact, and will remain so.

Now as before, the "Fourtitude" section of the book focuses on exploring the uses of Perfect 4th pairs in creating melodic lines.. This concept occasionally overlaps with that of the recent Shortbooks™, "Trichord 027", "The Cycle - 101" and "Pentalogy", which all link the interval of a P4th and the Pentatonic Scale inherently.

Along with P4ths, the section on "Lines in 4ths" allows for Augmented 4ths (tritones), as well as diminished 4ths (sounds a Maj 3rd) in the creation of lines over the familiar iii-VI-ii-V7-I chord progression.

Oh-Two-Six (026) - An Improviser's Guide

2/27/2020

Oh-Two-Six (026)
An Improviser's Guide to Practical Usage of the 026 Trichord

Since the inception of the improvisational art form we know and love as “Jazz”, melodic and harmonic techniques have steadily expanded in all directions – in some cases even disappearing altogether.

Presently growing within the collective consciousness of many contemporary improvisers (guitarist Bruce Arnold and saxophonist John O'Gallagher lead the way), is the awareness and usage of the 12-tone techniques pioneered by the early 20th century European “serialist” composers – Berg, Webern & Schoenberg - being the most prominent among them.

The basic premise of this system is the construction of 12-tone rows – the 12 tones of the chromatic scale as equal entities, non-repeating and organized into different “pitch class sets”, or note groupings of varying lengths.

0 1 3 Calling...Super Augmented!

11/29/2019

0 1 3 Calling...Super Augmented!
An Introduction to the 013 Trichord & Super Augmented Scale

The scale in the title of this latest Shortbook™ was originally referred to as "Super Augmented" in a previous blog post from several years ago.

Among other names, it's been identified primarily as the inverse of Messaen's 3rd mode of limited transposition, as well as "Tcherepnin Nonatonic Mode 1", "Genus Chromaticum", and "Augmented Nine".

I'll still go with "Super Augmented", however, since among other aspects of its scalar construction, it contains two overlapping 6-note Augmented Scales, linked by a common Augmented triad.

"Pretty super!", I'd say. It also contains a trio of 013 Trichords, a Major 3rd apart - forming a 9-note (nonetonic) scale.

"But..what", you ask "is an 013 Trichord?" Or - better yet - what is a trichord, period?

Bluesitudes - One Dozen 12-Bar Blues Etudes With Attitude

8/28/2019

Bluesitudes! One Dozen 12-Bar Blues
Etudes With Attitude!

The 12-Bar Blues form is probably the most recognizable song form across all styles of popular and world music.

Its organic simplicity and malleability has made it accessible not only to musical artists of all genres, but to the listening public, as well.

While the earlier Shortbook™ “Blues Deep: Fifty” focused primarily on the phraseology of the original, primal Blues, as well as the construction of the so called “Blues Scale” and it's relationship to (and result of) the natural overtone series, “Bluesitudes” attempts to demonstrate, from a harmonic point of view, just a few of the modifications to the standard 12-bar Blues form which, over the years, have come into play.

We Got Rhythm Changes!

7/26/2019

We Got Rhythm Changes!
"Who could ask for anything more?"

Yeah... we got 'em!

"We Got Rhythm Changes!" is this months featured Shortbook™, and if there's any doubt as to its subject matter, the title itself should be clear enough.

The seminal chord changes to George Gershwin's 1930 classic "I Got Rhythm" became popular among swing era musicians of the 1930's and '40's. With creative modifications, they became iconic to the post WWII bebop era and beyond, being referred to simply as "Rhythm Changes".

Next to the 12 bar Blues, the 32 bar AABA standard American song form "Rhythm Changes" became one of the most popular (and flexible) vehicles for improvisation.

Many classic lines or "heads" were composed over "Rhythm Changes". Some of the best known are:

Your Daily Bread - 100% Whole Tone

5/29/2019

Your Daily Bread - "100% Whole Tone"

OK, let's put a bit o' butter on the subject, shall we?

This month's Shortbook™ "100% Whole Tone" explores some of the improvisational possibilities and applications of the somewhat ignored and under appreciated Whole Tone Scale.

The Whole Tone Scale, as you may know, is a symmetrical, hexatonic (6 note) scale in which the intervallic distance between each of its inherent tones is that of a Major 2nd, or whole tone. Its layout is palindromic, meaning that its interval makeup is the same ascending as it is descending, regardless of its starting note, or "root".

Because of it's lack of certain basic intervals derived from the natural overtone series, such as the perfect 4th & 5th, the Whole Tone Scale has a somewhat ethereal quality, but could be seen as being melodically and harmonically limited or even boring to some degree.

However, it might also be compared to the two Knights on a chessboard - unique, quirky and extremely effective when used properly - especially in tandem with each other.